2026年10月14日水曜日

John Henry Gray, China: A Review of the Laws, Manners, and Customs of the People, Vol. 2 (1878), 271-2 ^Ryan Steed Parks :Ancient China’s Hebrew Connection: ... (English Edition)

 https://archive.org/details/chinaahistoryla01graygoog/page/n440/mode/2up?q=Passover


John Henry Gray, China: A Review of the Laws, Manners, and Customs of the People, Vol. 2 (1878), 271-2  ^Ryan Steed Parks :Ancient China’s Hebrew Connection: ... (English Edition) 





 


ライアン・スティード・パークス著:古代中国とヘブライ語のつながり:(英語版) 

 




過越祭(過/過年)の儀式後の伝統的な中国の戸口。戸柱とまぐさに赤色が施されている[1078] 


生贄の血


古代、中国の戸口の柱や鴨居に塗られた赤い色は、年神がその家を通り過ぎる原因となり、生贄の血であった。血染めの紙は後の時代の流用であり、現代の血のように赤い紙はさらにその流用である。1896年から1934年にかけて中国西部で活動したスコットランド人宣教師トーマス・トーランスは、四川省西部の羌族について記している。彼らの新年には、「傷のない子羊を屠り、その血を捧げる」という。 

家のまぐさや戸口の柱に振りかけられた。」[1081] 羌族については、この章の後半でさらに詳しく説明します。ジョン・ヘンリー・グレイは、1861年に中国の船に乗った時の経験について書いています。船長は乗組員を「龍」から守るために犠牲の儀式を行いました。グレイは次のように記録しています。


 「1861年に、私はこのような儀式を目撃しました。錨を上げる前に、船長は船首に立ちました。中国では船首は船の中で最も神聖な場所とされています。船長は生きた鶏を手に取り、それを犠牲として殺すまで持ち続けました。次に、鋭いナイフで鶏の喉を切り、自分が立っている甲板に犠牲の血を振りかけました。この儀式の段階で、乗組員の一人が数枚の銀紙を船長に差し出しました。銀紙に血を振りかけ、船室の戸口の柱とまぐさに貼り付けました。この最後の儀式は、ユダヤ人の過越祭の重要な儀式を思い起こさせました。」[1082] 


https://archive.org/details/chinaahistoryla01graygoog/page/n440/mode/2up?q=Passover



グレイは、この儀式が「ユダヤ人の過越祭」に似ていると認識した。実際、この儀式はそこから始まった可能性が高いからだ。彼の記述によれば、昔は戸口の柱や鴨居に貼られた赤い紙は血で染まった紙だった。また、その血は儀式のための犠牲から出たものであることも確認している。ヘブライ人の記録によれば、紀元前1487年頃、神(יהוה)はイスラエル人を奴隷状態から解放するために、エジプトの地に一連の災いを送った。最後の災いは、エジプトのすべての家庭の長男と家畜の死であった。神(יהוה)は、ヘブライ人の家を守るために儀式を制定した。イスラエル人は、指定された夜に家族で家に集まるように指示された。各家族は祝宴のために子羊を犠牲にし、その血の一部を家の戸口の柱と鴨居に塗ることになっていた。「…そして、彼が鴨居と両側の柱に血を見たとき、神(יהוה)は戸口を通り過ぎ、滅ぼす者があなたたちの家に入ってあなたたちを打つことを許さないであろう。」[1083]「そして、その血はあなたたちのいる家々のしるしとなるであろう。そして、わたしがその血を見たとき、わたしはあなたたちを通り過ぎ、わたしがエジプトの地を打つとき、疫病はあなたたちに臨んであなたたちを滅ぼすことはないであろう。」[1084] 


「こうして、真夜中に神(יהוה)はエジプトの地のすべての初子を打ち殺された。王座に座るファラオの初子から、牢獄にいる捕虜の初子まで、また家畜のすべての初子まで。ファラオは夜中に起き上がり、彼とその家臣たち、そしてすべてのエジプト人が立ち上がった。エジプトには大きな叫び声が響き渡った。死者がいない家はなかったからである。」[1085] 


定められた儀式を行い、犠牲の子羊の血を戸口の柱と鴨居に塗った家族は、その夜、災いを免れ、命を救われた。一方、そうしなかった家族は、長男や家畜を失った。この夜の出来事と、それに続くヘブライの新年の儀式は、「過越祭」として知られるようになった。


著者が撮影した写真。[1079] 発音: chēäng。[1080] 発音: sŭ·tchūän。


[1081] Thomas Torrance, China's First Missionaries; Ancient Israelites (London: Thynne and Co., 1937), 35, 

105. [1082] ジョン・ヘンリー・グレイ著『中国:人々の法律、風俗、慣習の概観』第2巻(ロンドン:マクミラン社、1878年)、271-2頁


[1083] 出エジプト記 12:23。 [1084] 出エジプト記 12:13。 [1085] 出エジプト記 12:29-30。




Traditional Chinese doorway after the Passover New Year (過/过年) ceremony, with red on the door posts and lintel[1078] 


The Blood of the Sacrifice


In ancient times, the red on Chinese door posts and lintels, that caused Nián to pass over the home, was the blood of a sacrifice. Blood-stained paper was a later adaptation, and the modern blood-red paper is a further adaptation. Thomas Torrance, a Scottish missionary in western China from 1896 › 1934 wrote about the Qiāng[1079]•(羌) people in the western Sìchuān[1080]• mountains. For their New Year,  “A lamb without blemish is slain and its blood 

sprinkled… on the [home’s] lintel and the doorposts.” [1081] The Qiāng people will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter. John Henry Gray wrote about his experience on a Chinese ship in 1861. The captain performed a sacrificial rite to protect his crew from a “dragon.” Gray recorded:


 “In… the year 1861…I witnessed a ceremony of this sort. Previous to weighing anchor the [captain of the ship] took his place in the bows, which the Chinese regard as the most sacred part of the ship… Taking in his hands a live fowl, which he continued to hold until he killed it as a sacrifice… He next cut the throat of the fowl with a sharp knife, taking care to sprinkle that portion of the deck on which he was standing with the blood of the sacrifice. At this stage of the ceremony several pieces of silver paper were presented to him by one of the crew. These were sprinkled with the blood, and then fastened to the door-posts and lintels of the cabin. This last ceremony reminded me of the somewhat similar rite which formed an essential part of the observance of the Passover among the Jews.”[1082] 


https://archive.org/details/chinaahistoryla01graygoog/page/n440/mode/2up?q=Passover


Gray perceived that the rite was similar to the “Passover among the Jews” because, in reality, that is likely where the ordinance came from. His account illustrates that, in earlier times, the red paper on the door posts and lintels was blood-stained paper. It also confirms that the blood was from a sacrifice for the occasion. According to the Hebrew record, in about year -1487, God (יהוה) sent a series of plagues upon the land of Egypt intended to free the Israelites from their slavery. The final plague was the death of the first born son of every household in the land, as well as livestock. God (יהוה) instituted a rite among the Hebrews to preserve their households. Israelites were instructed to gather as families in their homes on a designated evening. Each family was to sacrifice a lamb for a feast, and to put some of its blood on their home’s door posts and lintel: “…and when he seeth the blood upon the lintel, and on the two side posts, God (יהוה) will pass over the door, and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you.”[1083] “And the blood shall be to you for a token upon the houses where ye are: and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be upon you to destroy you, when I smite the land of Egypt.”[1084] 


“And it came to pass, that at midnight God (יהוה) smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon; and all the firstborn of cattle. And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he, and all his servants, and all the Egyptians; and there was a great cry in Egypt; for there was not a house where there was not one dead.”[1085] 


The families that performed the specified rite and put the blood of the sacrificial lamb on their door posts and lintels were passed over that night and preserved, while the families that did not lost their firstborn sons and animals. The events of that night, and the subsequent annual Hebrew New Year ceremony, became known as the “Passover.”


Photo taken by the author. [1079] Pronounced: chēäng. [1080] Pronounced: sŭ·tchūän.


. [1081] Thomas Torrance, China’s First Missionaries; Ancient Israelites (London: Thynne and Co., 1937), 35, 

105. [1082] John Henry Gray, China: A Review of the Laws, Manners, and Customs of the People, Vol. 2 (London: Macmillan and Co., 1878), 271-2


[1083] Exodus 12:23. [1084] Exodus 12:13. [1085] Exodus 12:29-30.

ネイティブアメリカンとヘブライ語


★The Wonders of Nature and Providence, Displayed by Josiah Priest (1825) 

https://archive.org/details/wondersnaturean00priegoog

Priest’s book compiles myths and theories about Native American origins, including connections to ancient Hebrews and biblical peoples.

p.383

https://archive.org/details/wondersnaturean00priegoog/page/382/mode/2up

メモ

メモ

Indian.

Hebrew.

Yohewah

Ale 

Yah

Shilu

Chemim

Abba

Ish, Ishte

 Ishto 

Awah 

Keah 

Liani 

Uwoh

-Nichiri

Taubana-ora

Kora

Canaai

Phale

Na

Kesh

Jennais

Phaubac

Rowah

a high moun tArarat


PHRASES.

Indian.

Heru hara or hala 

Halleluwah

Natoni boman

Bayou boorkaa

Halea tibou

Yene hali

Narre gustete


Jehovah

Ale, Aleim

Jah

Shiloh

Shemim

Abba

Ish

Ishto

Eweh, Eve

Ka

Lihene

Huab

Neheri

Debonaour

Cora

Canaan 

Phalac

Na

Kish

Jaunol

Phauhe

Ruach

Ararat



Hebrew.

Hara hara

Hallelujah

Natoui bamen

Boua bouak

Ye hali ettouboa

Vongali

Nance heti


ーーーーーーーーーーーーーー


English.



Charibbee.


Creeks.

Mohegan. 

and 

Northern 

languages.



Hebrew.


His wife.

My wife.

Come hither.


The heavens.

Jehovah.

Woman.

Man or chief.

I




Thou or thee.

This man.

We

Assembly or 

walled house.

Necklace or 

collar.


My necklace.

Wood.

My skin

I am sick.

Good be to you.

To blow.

Roof of the 

house.


Go thy way.

Eat.

To eat.

The nose.

Give me nour-

ishment.*


*(Edward's West 

Indies English.)



The great first 

cause.


Praise the first 

cause.

Father.

Now,

 the present 

time.



Very hot or bitter 

upon me.

To pray.

The hind parts

One who kills 

another

The war name 

who- kills a

rambling en-


emy.



Canaan.


Wife.


Winter.


Another name


for God.


Do.




Arrarat,

a high mountain.


Liana

Yene-nori.

Hace-yete.


Chemin.

Jocanna.

Ishto.

Ish.





Kurbet.



Enca.


Yene kali.

Hue.

Nora.

Nane guaete.

Halea tibou.

Phoubac.

Toubana ora.



Bayou 

boorkaa.

Baika.

Aika.

Nichiri.

Natoni 

boman.






X-he-ho-

wah.


Ishte
































Ye hewah.



Halleluwah.


Abba 

Na.





Heru, hara 

or 

hala.

Phale.

Kesh.

Abe, 

derived 

from Abele 

Gruf.

Noabe, 

com

pounded

of Noah & 

Abe.







Kenaai.

Awah.

Kora.

Ale.

Iennois.*









Niah.




Keah.

Uwoh.

Necaunuh.























































Indians of 

Penobscot.

Arrarat,

 a high 

mountain.


Li hene.

Hene herrani.

Aca-ati (Sama-

ritan.

Shemim.

Jehova.

Ishto.

Ish.

Ani,

 the 2d syllable

 transposed 

as ahni.

Ka.

Huah.

Nachnu.

Guir, or gra bit.


Ong.


Vongali.

Oa (Chaldaic).

Ourni.

Nanceheti.

Ye hali ettuboa.

Phouhe.

Debona our.



Boua bounk.

Bge Chaldiac.

Akl do.

Neheri.

Natoui bamen.








lehova.



Hallelujah.


Abla.

Na.





Hara hara.


Phalac.

Kish.

Abel.







Canaan.

Eve or eweh.

Cora.

Ale or alohim.

lannon.**



Arrarat, 

a high 

mountain.

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

of words and phrases, is furnished by Dr. Boudinat, wards,


The ten tribes of Israel; ; Publication date: 1883 ; Topics: Indians, Indians -- Origin ; Publisher: Springfield, Ohio, The Fireside friend pub. co ...

https://archive.org/details/tentribesofisrae00jenk/page/n3/mode/2up

p.73~

https://archive.org/details/tentribesofisrae00jenk/page/72/mode/2up







John Henry Gray, China: A Review of the Laws, Manners, and Customs of the People, Vol. 2 (1878), 271-2 ^Ryan Steed Parks :Ancient China’s Hebrew Connection: ... (English Edition)

  https://archive.org/details/chinaahistoryla01graygoog/page/n440/mode/2up?q=Passover John Henry Gray, China: A Review of the Laws, Manners,...