Amazon.co.jp: Stonehenge and Other British Stone Monuments Astronomically Considered (English Edition) 電子書籍: Lockyer, Norman: Kindleストア

Amazon.co.jp: Stonehenge and Other British Stone Monuments Astronomically Considered (English Edition) 電子書籍: Lockyer, Norman: Kindleストア
https://www.amazon.co.jp/Stonehenge-British-Monuments-Astronomically-Considered-ebook/dp/B0076OKC2E

Stonehenge and Other British Stone Monuments Astronomically Considered (English Edition) amazon.co.jp

Although the sun is no longer worshipped in Egypt or Britain, sun-worship has not yet disappeared from the world. Professor Gowland has recently 1 brought to notice a surviving form of sun-worship in Japan. I quote his statement:— 

"There on the seashore at Fûta-mi-ga-ura (as will be seen in a copy of a print which I obtained at that ancient place) the orientation of the shrine of adoration is given by two gigantic rocks which rise from the sea as natural pillars. The sun as it rises over the mountains of the distant shore is observed between them, and the customary prayers and offerings made in that direction (Fig. 1).

エジプトやイギリスではもはや太陽が崇拝されていないが、太陽崇拝は世界からまだ消え去ってはいない。ゴウランド教授は最近、日本に残存する太陽崇拝の形態に注目を促した。彼の記述を引用する：—

「そこ、扶多美ヶ浦の海岸（私がその古き地で入手した版画の写しに見られる通り）において、崇拝の神社の方向は、海から天然の柱として聳え立つ二つの巨大な岩によって示されている。遠くの海岸の山々を越えて昇る太陽は、この二つの岩の間から観察され、その方向に向かって慣習的な祈りと供物が捧げられる（図1）。」

3:1 "Archæologia," vol. lviii.

FIG. 1.—Present sun worship in Japan. 

"It is, too, specially worthy of note that the point from which the sun is revered is marked by a structure of the form of a trilithon, but made of wood, placed immediately behind the altar. This representative of the trilithon is of very remote date in Japan, and has been in use there from the earliest times in connection with the observances of the ancient Shinto cult in which the Sun-Goddess is the chief deity. One of its important uses, which still survives, was to indicate the direction of the position of some sacred place or object of veneration, in order that worshippers might make their prayers and oblations towards the proper quarter." The table of offerings must also be noted. In the book to which I have referred, I also endeavoured to show that a knowledge of even elementary p. 4 astronomy may be of very great assistance to students of archæology, history, folk-lore and all that learning which deals with man's first attempts to grasp the meaning and phenomena of the universe in which he found himself before any scientific methods were available to him; before he had any idea of the origins or the conditionings of the things around him. p. 5  

It may be well, however, in the present book to restate the underlying astronomical principles in the briefest possible manner; and this is the more easily done because, in the absence of measuring instruments, the horizon was the only circle which the ancient peoples could employ effectively, and we need only therefore consider it.

3:1 『アーケオロジア』第58巻

図1．現代日本における太陽崇拝 

「特に注目すべきは、太陽が崇敬される地点が、祭壇の直後方に設置された木製の三石構造物によって示されている点である。この三石構造物の代用物は日本において極めて古く、太陽女神を主神とする古代神道の祭祀と結びついて、太古の時代から使用されてきた。その重要な用途の一つとして、今も残っているのは、崇拝者が正しい方位に向かって祈りと供物を捧げられるよう、聖地や崇拝対象の位置を示すことである。」

供物台についても言及すべきである。私が言及した書物では、初歩的な天文学の知識さえも、考古学、歴史学、民俗学、そして科学的方法が確立される以前、周囲の事物の起源や条件付けについて何の概念も持たなかった時代に、人間が自らを置かれた宇宙の意味や現象を理解しようとする最初の試みに関わるあらゆる学問の研究者にとって、非常に大きな助けとなり得ることを示すよう努めた。p. 5

しかしながら、本書においては、基礎となる天文学的原理を可能な限り簡潔に再述することが適切であろう。これは、測定器具が存在しなかった古代において、地平線が唯一効果的に利用可能な円であったため、我々が考慮すべきはそれだけで十分であることから、より容易に成し得るのである。

FIG. 21.—Face of rock against which a stone was made to rest. it for granted that the same method was employed throughout: the method was this. (1) The ground in the site a stone was to occupy was removed, the chalk rock being cut into in such a manner as to leave a ledge, on which the base of the stone was to rest, and a perpendicular face rising from it, against which as a buttress one side would bear when set up. From the bottom of this hole an inclined plane was cut to the surface down which the monolith which p. 84 had already been dressed was slid until its base rested on the ledge. (2) It was then gradually raised into a vertical position by means first of levers and afterwards of ropes. The levers would be long trunks of trees, to one end of which a number of ropes was attached (this method is still employed in Japan); so that the weights and pulling force of many men might be exerted on them. The stronger ropes were probably of hide or

hair, but others of straw, or of withes of hazel or willow, may have been in use for minor purposes. (3) As the stone was raised, it was packed up with logs of timber and probably also with blocks of stone placed beneath it. (4) After its upper end had reached a certain elevation, ropes were attached to it, and it was then hauled by numerous men into a vertical position, so that its back rested against the perpendicular face of the chalk which had been prepared for it. During this part of the operation, struts of timber would probably be placed against its sides to guard against slip, a precaution taken when the leaning stone was raised and until the foundation was properly set. As regards the raising of the lintels, and imposts, and the placing of them on the tops of the uprights, there would be even less difficulty than in the erection of the uprights themselves. It could be easily effected by the simple method practised in Japan for placing heavy blocks of stone in position. The stone, when lying on the ground, would be raised a little at one end by means of long wooden levers. A packing of logs would then be placed under

the end so raised, the other extremity of the stone would be similarly raised and packed, and the raising and packing at alternate ends would be continued until the block had gradually reached the height of the uprights. It would then be simply pushed forward by levers until it rested upon them. It is not often that an engineering operation has been made so subservient to the interests of science as the one we have dealt with in this chapter. It is satisfactory to know not only that much new knowledge has been acquired by Professor Gowland and his coadjutors, but that the famous leaning stone has now been set upright in such fashion that it will remain upright for hundreds of years. May the other leaning stones soon receive the same treatment.

FIG. 22.—The leaning stone upright before the struts were removed. 

図21.—石を載せる岩面。

当然のことながら、この方法は全体を通して同じでした。その方法は次のとおりです。(1) 石を置く場所の地面を取り除き、白亜質岩を削り取り、石の基部が載る棚と、そこから垂直に立ち上がる面（設置時に片側を支える支柱として）を残します。この穴の底から、既に整地された一枚岩をその表面まで滑らせ、その底部が棚に載るまで滑らせます。(2) 次に、最初は梃子、次にロープを使って、一枚岩を徐々に垂直に持ち上げます。梃子は長い木の幹で、その片端に数本のロープが取り付けられます（この方法は今でも日本で採用されています）。こうすることで、多くの人の重量と牽引力が、一枚岩に加わることになります。より丈夫なロープはおそらく皮革か毛でできていたが、藁、あるいはハシバミやヤナギの枝でできたロープも、軽微な用途に使われていたかもしれない。(3) 石が持ち上げられると、丸太が積み上げられ、おそらくその下に石材も置かれた。(4) 石の上端が一定の高さに達すると、ロープが掛けられ、多数の人によって垂直の位置まで引き上げられた。こうして石の背面は、石のために用意された白亜の垂直面に接するようになった。作業のこの段階では、滑り止めのために側面に支柱が立てられたと思われる。これは、傾いた石を持ち上げた後、基礎がしっかりと固まるまでの間、予防措置として講じられた。まぐさや支柱の持ち上げ、そしてそれらを支柱の上に置く作業は、支柱自体の設置よりもさらに容易であっただろう。これは、日本で重い石材を配置する際に行われている簡便な方法で容易に実現できます。地面に置かれた石材を、長い木製の梃子を使って片方の端を少し持ち上げます。持ち上げた端の下に丸太を詰め、もう一方の端も同様に持ち上げて詰めます。交互に持ち上げて詰める作業を、石材が徐々に支柱の高さに達するまで続けます。そして、梃子を使って石材を押し進め、支柱の上に載せます。本章で扱ったように、工学的な作業が科学の利益にこれほど貢献することは稀です。ゴウランド教授とその協力者たちによって多くの新しい知識が得られただけでなく、あの有名な傾いた石材が何百年もの間、直立したままでいられるようになったことは、喜ばしいことです。他の傾いた石材もすぐに同じ処置を受けることを願っています。

図22.—支柱が取り除かれる前は、傾いていた石はまっすぐ立っていました。